G&s Hardware & Supply 251 Hudson Hackensack, Nj 07601
| G | |
|---|---|
| G k | |
| (Meet below, Typographic) | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing system | Latin script |
| Blazon | Alphabetic |
| Language of origin | Latin linguistic communication |
| Phonetic usage |
|
| Unicode codepoint | U+0047, U+0067, U+0261 |
| Alphabetical position | 7 |
| History | |
| Development |
|
| Time period | ~-300 to present |
| Descendants |
|
| Sisters |
|
| Transliteration equivalents | C |
| Variations | (See below, Typographic) |
| Other | |
| Other messages commonly used with | gh, chiliad(10) |
(speculated origin)
K, or one thousand, is the seventh letter of the ISO bones Latin alphabet. Its name in English is gee (pronounced ), plural gees.[1]
History
The letter '1000' was introduced in the Old Latin menstruum as a variant of 'C' to distinguish voiced /ɡ/ from voiceless /k/.
The recorded originator of 'G' is freedman Spurius Carvilius Ruga, who added letter G to the teaching of the Roman alphabet during the 3rd century BC:[ii] he was the get-go Roman to open up a fee-paying schoolhouse, around 230 BCE. At this fourth dimension, 'G' had fallen out of favor, and 'C', which had formerly represented both /ɡ/ and /k/ before open up vowels, had come to limited /thousand/ in all environments.
Ruga's positioning of 'G' shows that alphabetic order related to the letters' values equally Greek numerals was a concern even in the tertiary century BC. According to some records, the original seventh alphabetic character, 'Z', had been purged from the Latin alphabet somewhat earlier in the third century BC by the Roman censor Appius Claudius, who found it distasteful and strange.[three] Sampson (1985) suggests that: "Evidently the order of the alphabet was felt to be such a concrete affair that a new letter of the alphabet could exist added in the centre only if a 'space' was created by the dropping of an sometime letter."[4]
George Hempl proposed in 1899 that there never was such a "space" in the alphabet and that in fact 'M' was a direct descendant of zeta. Zeta took shapes like ⊏ in some of the Sometime Italic scripts; the development of the awe-inspiring form 'K' from this shape would exist exactly parallel to the development of 'C' from gamma. He suggests that the pronunciation /chiliad/ > /ɡ/ was due to contagion from the also similar-looking 'K'.[5]
Somewhen, both velar consonants /k/ and /ɡ/ developed palatalized allophones before front vowels; consequently in today's Romance languages, ⟨c⟩ and ⟨g⟩ have dissimilar sound values depending on context (known as difficult and soft C and difficult and soft Grand). Because of French influence, English language orthography shares this feature.
Typographic variants
The mod lowercase 'thousand' has 2 typographic variants: the single-storey (sometimes opentail) 'thou' and the double-storey (sometimes looptail) 'g'. The single-storey course derives from the capital letter (uppercase) form by raising the serif that distinguishes information technology from 'c' to the acme of the loop, thus closing the loop and extending the vertical stroke downward and to the left. The double-storey form (g) had developed similarly, except that some ornate forms then extended the tail dorsum to the right, and to the left again, forming a airtight bowl or loop. The initial extension to the left was absorbed into the upper closed bowl. The double-storey version became popular when printing switched to "Roman blazon" because the tail was finer shorter, making it possible to put more than lines on a folio. In the double-storey version, a small top stroke in the upper-right, often terminating in an orb shape, is called an "ear".
Generally, the 2 forms are complementary, but occasionally the difference has been exploited to provide contrast. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, opentail ⟨ɡ⟩ has ever represented a voiced velar plosive, while ⟨
⟩ was distinguished from ⟨ɡ⟩ and represented a voiced velar fricative from 1895 to 1900.[vi] [7] In 1948, the Council of the International Phonetic Association recognized ⟨ɡ⟩ and ⟨⟩ as typographic equivalents,[eight] and this decision was reaffirmed in 1993.[ix] While the 1949 Principles of the International Phonetic Association recommended the use of ⟨⟩ for a velar plosive and ⟨ɡ⟩ for an advanced one for languages where information technology is preferable to distinguish the two, such equally Russian,[10] this exercise never caught on.[xi] The 1999 Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, the successor to the Principles, abased the recommendation and best-selling both shapes as acceptable variants.[12]
Wong et al. (2018) institute that native English speakers take little conscious awareness of the looptail 'g' ().[13] [xiv] They write: "Despite being questioned repeatedly, and despite beingness informed direct that G has two lowercase impress forms, nearly half of the participants failed to reveal any knowledge of the looptail 'g', and only 1 of the 38 participants was able to write looptail 'chiliad' correctly."
Pronunciation and use
| Language | Dialect(s) | Pronunciation (IPA) | Environment | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | /ten/ | |||
| Arabic | /ɡ/ | Latinization; corresponding to ⟨ق⟩ or ⟨ج⟩ in Arabic | ||
| Catalan | /(d)ʒ/ | Before e, i | ||
| /ɡ/ | Usually | |||
| Danish | /ɡ/ | Discussion-initially | ||
| /thousand/ | Unremarkably | |||
| Dutch | Standard | /ɣ/ | ||
| Southern dialects | /ɣ̟/ | |||
| Northern dialects | /χ/ | |||
| English | /dʒ/ | Earlier e, i, y (run into exceptions beneath) | ||
| /ɡ/ | Normally | |||
| /ʒ/ | Before e, i in "modern" loanwords from French | |||
| silent | Some words, initial <gn>, and give-and-take-finally before a consonant | |||
| Faroese | /j/ | soft, lenited; run across Faroese phonology | ||
| /k/ | hard | |||
| /tʃ/ | soft | |||
| /v/ | later on a, æ, á, e, o, ø and earlier u | |||
| /w/ | after ó, u, ú and earlier a, i, or u | |||
| silent | after a, æ, á, eastward, o, ø and before a | |||
| French | /ɡ/ | Commonly | ||
| /ʒ/ | Before e, i, y | |||
| Galician | /ɡ/~/ħ/ | Unremarkably | Encounter Gheada for consonant variation | |
| /ʃ/ | Before e, i | at present rarely spelled equally such | ||
| Greek | /ɡ/ | Usually | Latinization | |
| /ɟ/ | Before ai, e, i, oi, y | Latinization | ||
| Icelandic | /c/ | soft | ||
| /yard/ | hard | |||
| /ɣ/ | hard, lenited; meet Icelandic phonology | |||
| /j/ | soft, lenited | |||
| Irish | /ɡ/ | Normally | ||
| /ɟ/ | After i or before due east, i | |||
| Italian | /ɡ/ | Normally | ||
| /dʒ/ | Before due east, i | |||
| Mandarin | Standard | /k/ | Pinyin latinization | |
| Norman | /dʒ/ | Before eastward, i | ||
| /ɡ/ | Commonly | |||
| Norwegian | /ɡ/ | Usually | ||
| /j/ | Earlier ei, i, j, øy, y | |||
| Portuguese | /ɡ/ | Ordinarily | ||
| /ʒ/ | Earlier e, i, y | |||
| Romanian | /dʒ/ | Before e, i | ||
| /ɡ/ | Usually | |||
| Romansh | /dʑ/ | Before e, i | ||
| /ɡ/ | Usually | |||
| Scottish Gaelic | /k/ | Usually | ||
| /kʲ/ | Later i or before e, i | |||
| Castilian | /ɡ/ | Usually | ||
| /x/ or /h/ | Before e, i, y | Variation betwixt velar and glottal realizations depends on dialect | ||
| Swedish | /ɡ/ | Usually | ||
| /j/ | Before ä, e, i, ö, y | |||
| Turkish | /ɡ/ | Usually | ||
| /ɟ/ | Before e, i, ö, ü | |||
English language
In English language, the letter appears either alone or in some digraphs. Solitary, it represents
- a voiced velar plosive (/ɡ/ or "difficult" ⟨m⟩), equally in goose, gargoyle, and game;
- a voiced palato-alveolar affricate (/d͡ʒ/ or "soft" ⟨g⟩), predominates earlier ⟨i⟩ or ⟨e⟩, as in giant, ginger, and geology; or
- a voiced palato-alveolar sibilant (/ʒ/) in post-medieval loanwords from French, such as rouge, beige, genre (often), and margarine (rarely)
⟨grand⟩ is predominantly soft before ⟨due east⟩ (including the digraphs ⟨ae⟩ and ⟨oe⟩), ⟨i⟩, or ⟨y⟩, and hard otherwise. It is difficult in those derivations from γυνή (gynḗ) pregnant woman where initial-worded equally such. Soft ⟨chiliad⟩ is also used in many words that came into English from medieval church/academic use, French, Spanish, Italian or Portuguese – these tend to, in other ways in English, closely align to their Aboriginal Latin and Greek roots (such as fragile, logic or magic). There remain widely used a few English words of non-Romance origin where ⟨g⟩ is hard followed by ⟨due east⟩ or ⟨i⟩ (get, give, gift), and very few in which ⟨m⟩ is soft though followed past ⟨a⟩ such as gaol, which since the 20th century is almost always written as "jail".
The double consonant ⟨gg⟩ has the value /ɡ/ (hard ⟨g⟩) as in nugget, with very few exceptions: /d͡ʒ/ in exaggerate and veggies and dialectally /ɡd͡ʒ/ in suggest.
The digraph ⟨dg⟩ has the value /d͡ʒ/ (soft ⟨1000⟩), as in badger. Non-digraph ⟨dg⟩ can besides occur, in compounds like floodgate and headgear.
The digraph ⟨ng⟩ may represent:
- a velar nasal () equally in length, singer
- the latter followed by hard ⟨g⟩ (/ŋɡ/) equally in jungle, finger, longest
Non-digraph ⟨ng⟩ besides occurs, with possible values
- /nɡ/ as in engulf, ungainly
- /nd͡ʒ/ as in sponge, affections
- /nʒ/ as in melange
The digraph ⟨gh⟩ (in many cases a replacement for the obsolete letter yogh, which took various values including /ɡ/, /ɣ/, /ten/ and /j/) may correspond:
- /ɡ/ as in ghost, aghast, burgher, spaghetti
- /f/ every bit in coughing, express joy, roughage
- Ø (no audio) equally in through, neighbor, night
- /x/ in ugh
- (rarely) /p/ in hiccough
- (rarely) /thou/ in s'ghetti
Non-digraph ⟨gh⟩ as well occurs, in compounds like foghorn, pigheaded
The digraph ⟨gn⟩ may represent:
- /n/ as in gnostic, deign, foreigner, signage
- /nj/ in loanwords like champignon, lasagna
Non-digraph ⟨gn⟩ also occurs, every bit in signature, agnostic
The trigraph ⟨ngh⟩ has the value /ŋ/ as in gingham or dinghy. Non-trigraph ⟨ngh⟩ also occurs, in compounds similar stronghold and dunghill.
Yard is the tenth least oftentimes used letter in the English linguistic communication (later Y, P, B, V, Yard, J, X, Q, and Z), with a frequency of about 2.02% in words.
Other languages
Most Romance languages and some Nordic languages too have two main pronunciations for ⟨g⟩, hard and soft. While the soft value of ⟨k⟩ varies in different Romance languages (/ʒ/ in French and Portuguese, [(d)ʒ] in Catalan, /d͡ʒ/ in Italian and Romanian, and /ten/ in almost dialects of Spanish), in all except Romanian and Italian, soft ⟨g⟩ has the same pronunciation as the ⟨j⟩.
In Italian and Romanian, ⟨gh⟩ is used to represent /ɡ/ before front end vowels where ⟨g⟩ would otherwise correspond a soft value. In Italian and French, ⟨gn⟩ is used to represent the palatal nasal /ɲ/, a audio somewhat similar to the ⟨ny⟩ in English canyon. In Italian, the trigraph ⟨gli⟩, when appearing before a vowel or as the article and pronoun gli, represents the palatal lateral approximant /ʎ/.
Other languages typically use ⟨g⟩ to represent /ɡ/ regardless of position.
Amongst European languages, Czech, Dutch, Finnish, and Slovak are an exception as they do not have /ɡ/ in their native words. In Dutch, ⟨g⟩ represents a voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ instead, a sound that does not occur in modern English, but in that location is a dialectal variation: many Netherlandic dialects use a voiceless fricative ([ten] or [χ]) instead, and in southern dialects it may exist palatal [ʝ]. Nevertheless, give-and-take-finally it is always voiceless in all dialects, including the standard Dutch of Belgium and holland. On the other mitt, some dialects (like Amelands) may have a phonemic /ɡ/.
Faroese uses ⟨grand⟩ to represent /dʒ/, in addition to /ɡ/, and also uses information technology to indicate a glide.
In Māori, ⟨g⟩ is used in the digraph ⟨ng⟩ which represents the velar nasal /ŋ/ and is pronounced like the ⟨ng⟩ in vocalizer.
In older Czech and Slovak orthographies, ⟨g⟩ was used to represent /j/, while /ɡ/ was written as ⟨ǧ⟩ (⟨1000⟩ with caron).
Ancestors, descendants and siblings
- 𐤂 : Semitic letter Gimel, from which the following symbols originally derive
- C c : Latin letter of the alphabet C, from which G derives
- Γ γ : Greek letter of the alphabet Gamma, from which C derives in turn
- ɡ : Latin letter script pocket-size Thousand
- ᶢ : Modifier alphabetic character small-scale script g is used for phonetic transcription[15]
- ᵷ : Turned g
- Г г : Cyrillic letter of the alphabet Ge
- Ȝ ȝ : Latin letter Yogh
- Ɣ ɣ : Latin letter Gamma
- Ᵹ ᵹ : Insular g
- Ꝿ ꝿ : Turned insular g
- ɢ : Latin letter of the alphabet modest uppercase Thousand, used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent a voiced uvular stop
- ʛ : Latin letter small capital 1000 with hook, used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to stand for a voiced uvular implosive
- ᴳ ᵍ : Modifier letters are used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[16]
- ꬶ : Used for the Teuthonista phonetic transcription organisation[17]
- G with diacritics: Ǵ ǵ Ǥ ǥ Ĝ ĝ Ǧ ǧ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ Ɠ ɠ Ġ ġ Ḡ ḡ Ꞡ ꞡ ᶃ
- ց : Armenian alphabet Tso
Ligatures and abbreviations
- ₲ : Paraguayan guaraní
Computing codes
| Preview | Chiliad | one thousand | Ɡ | ɡ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode proper noun | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G | LATIN Pocket-size LETTER G | LATIN Majuscule Letter of the alphabet SCRIPT G | LATIN Small Letter SCRIPT G | ||||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | december | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 71 | U+0047 | 103 | U+0067 | 42924 | U+A7AC | 609 | U+0261 |
| UTF-8 | 71 | 47 | 103 | 67 | 234 158 172 | EA 9E AC | 201 161 | C9 A1 |
| Numeric character reference | G | G | g | g | Ɡ | Ɡ | ɡ | ɡ |
| EBCDIC family | 199 | C7 | 135 | 87 | ||||
| ASCII 1 | 71 | 47 | 103 | 67 | ||||
- 1 As well for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other representations
Come across too
- Carolingian 1000
- Hard and soft G
- Latin letters used in mathematics § Gg
References
- ^ The American Heritage Lexicon of the English Linguistic communication. 1976.
- ^ Gnanadesikan, Amalia E. (2011-09-13). The Writing Revolution: Cuneiform to the Cyberspace. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN9781444359855.
- ^ Encyclopaedia Romana
- ^ Everson, Michael; Sigurðsson, Baldur; Málstöð, Íslensk. "Sorting the letter ÞORN". Evertype. ISO CEN/TC304. Archived from the original on 2018-09-24. Retrieved 2018-xi-01 .
- ^ Hempl, George (1899). "The Origin of the Latin Letters K and Z". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Clan. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 30: 24–41. doi:10.2307/282560. JSTOR 282560.
- ^ Association phonétique internationale (Jan 1895). "vɔt syr l alfabɛ" [Votes sur l'alphabet]. Le Maître Phonétique. x (1): sixteen–17. JSTOR 44707535.
- ^ Association phonétique internationale (February–March 1900). "akt ɔfisjɛl" [Acte officiel]. Le Maître Phonétique. 15 (2/3): xx. JSTOR 44701257.
- ^ Jones, Daniel (July–December 1948). "desizjɔ̃ ofisjɛl" [Décisions officielles]. Le Maître Phonétique. 26 (63) (xc): 28–30. JSTOR 44705217.
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1993). "Council actions on revisions of the IPA". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 23 (ane): 32–34. doi:10.1017/S002510030000476X.
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1949). The Principles of the International Phonetic Association. Department of Phonetics, Academy College, London. Supplement to Le Maître Phonétique 91, January–June 1949. JSTOR i40200179. Reprinted in Journal of the International Phonetic Clan twoscore (3), December 2010, pp. 299–358, doi:x.1017/S0025100311000089. CS1 maint: postscript (link)
- ^ Wells, John C. (six November 2006). "Scenes from IPA history". John Wells'due south phonetic blog. Department of Phonetics and Linguistics, Academy College London. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Apply of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Printing. p. 19. ISBN0-521-63751-1.
- ^ Wong, Kimberly; Wadee, Frempongma; Ellenblum, Gali; McCloskey, Michael (2 April 2018). "The Devil'due south in the g-tails: Scarce alphabetic character-shape cognition and awareness despite massive visual feel". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 44 (9): 1324–1335. doi:10.1037/xhp0000532. PMID 29608074. S2CID 4571477.
- ^ Dean, Signe. "Well-nigh People Don't Know What Lowercase "G" Looks Similar And We're Non Fifty-fifty Kidding". Scientific discipline Alert. Archived from the original on eight April 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
- ^ Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). "L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-eleven. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
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